|
WATER |
|
WATER IN THE FREE
ATMOSPHERE – Ubiquity and
abundance in the free atmosphere.
Water and the heat budgets. The
hydrologic heat pump. Intermolecular
attractions and repulsions. The
fallacy of equilibrium. |
|
VAPOR, WATER, AND ICE – Water
as a non-ideal substance. Enthalpic
characteristics of the water molecule.
Water phases in the free atmosphere.
Intermolecular bonds, thermal agitation, and phase changes. |
|
WATER MOLECULES – The basic water molecule. Molecular structure. Bonding angles and lengths. Electron cloud configurations. Isotopic variations. Water species. Water structures and clusters. Molecular masses. |
|
WATER STRUCTURES – Structures are non-polymeric. Hydrogen bonding. Bonding limitations and longevity. Water structures. Structures in water vapor. Structures in ice. Structures in liquid water. Surface tension. |
|
WATER IONIZATION – Self ionization. Ionization mechanisms. Ionic variations. The perfidious proton. Ionization and structures. |
|
GROSS VAPORIZATION – Definitions.
The zone of attraction. Surface
tension, hygroscopic forces, and ionic forces. Departure and outflow. Thermal distributions. Selection and escape. Heat of vaporization. |
|
|
|
GROSS SUBLIMATION – Definitions.
Spontaneity of sublimation.
Dynamic balance between ice and vapor.
Zones of molecular attraction.
Quasi-liquid layers. Molecular
outflows. The Knudsen layer. Escape velocities. Distribution of sub-surface impulses. Escape rates. Latent heat (enthalpy) of
sublimation. Testing the working
hypothesis. Tables. References. |
|
NET
VAPORIZATION AND CONDENSATION
– Definitions. Free atmosphere
considerations. Attraction versus
repulsion. Inflows and outflows. Summary.
|
|
MELTING AND
FREEZING – Definitions. The melting process. Freezing.
Icing nuclei. Summary. |
|
CONDENSATION
AND ICING NUCLEI –
Spontaneous nature of vaporization and melting. Lack of spontaneity in condensation and
freezing. Essential presence of
nuclei. Hygroscopic nuclei. Icing nuclei. |
|
VOLUMETRIC CHANGES –
Volumetric changes at vaporization.
Volumetric changes at condensation.
Table of volumetric changes at selected elevations. |
|
HUMIDITY IN THE FREE
ATMOSPHERE – Absolute
humidity. Dew point. Mixing ratio. Number density. Relative humidity. Specific humidity. Vapor pressure. |
|
THE LATENT HEAT
FALLACY – Offers an
alternative hypothesis to the conventional hypothesis of the nature of latent
heat. One outcome of this new
hypothesis is that no heat is added to the atmosphere when condensation
occurs. The temperature increase is
shown to be a result of molecular selection in the condensation process. |
|
WATER
AND THE EARTH’S HEAT BUDGET – Develops six heat budgets (tables) for the
earth-atmosphere system: Disposition
of Insolation, Energy Budget of the Atmosphere – Inflow, Energy Budget of the
Atmosphere – Outflow, Energy Budget of the Earth’s Surface – Inflow, Energy
Budget of the Earth’s Surface – Outflow, and Sources of Earthshine. |
|
THE HYDROLOGIC HEAT
PUMP – Shows how water is
evaporated into the atmosphere at a higher temperature and condenses out of
the atmosphere at a lower temperature.
This serves to transfer enthalpy from the surface to the atmosphere
and contributes to the atmosphere’s heat budget. |
|
MAXWELL’S DEMON EXISTS – Origin of the term. Essential characteristics of the
demon. The demon in the
interface. Summary. |
|
Last edited in December of 2016 |